Because of its established history, The United State of America has a society combined by many different cultures, languages, race, religious, classes and lifestyles. U.S. is at the cutting edge of leading technology and science society. There are differences in social activities between communities in U.S country such as religion, languages and custom. All in all, Americans take seriously individual liberty and self-made very much. Family, community, religion, or organization is secondary than privacy rights.
Firstly, it is a great nation where its acreage is the third largest one in the world and with over 300 million people descendant from full where differently in the World. United States of America is a most manifold society in the world. Even though Americans majority is accounted descendant from Europe, American-born, Asian American, African American and Hispanics population are growing by time. Presently, per year there is up to over one million migrant non resident come to subsistent United States of America and work for the living, and anticipation come to in the year 2050 only still white Americans is seized fewer than 50%. The United State of America also stands for a democracy and human rights nation where U.S. always promotes and encourages other countries for its movements. U.S. government system, to inception such as a experimenting about freedom and democracy in the year 1776, have already been testified it be ably unusual restoration and accommodation. Though often to classification as a democracies, United States might be defines accuracy such as a constitutionality federal republic system of government. It means “constitutionality "related to constitution fact that United States of America government is administration based upon ‘supreme law of the land’. The U.S. constitution is above Federal and State laws like U.S Statutory and U.S. Administration law. It is layout the framework and functions of U.S national government. In fact, it is a federal system with three branches where U.S congress (legislative) creates and passes laws through parliaments and president (executive) enforce and defenses those laws and judicial branch review and protect these laws. Each State have their own state laws and regulation but not vs. or unconstitutional federal laws. United States of America politics System chiefly owes to two biggest Democratic and Republican parties. United States of America constitution stipulate United States of America parliament has foreign trade control rights and decides on impost. However, owing to increase either impost reduction, import quota assignment, or overture international trade agreements is very sophisticated and affect benefit not only United States of America possession but also who of countries differ; therefore some responsibility in parliament has been managed by authorized executive agencies. To make sure federal agencies to perform commercial regulations correctly and beneficially, these agencies have a request to consult with congress regularly and have notification universally on mass Medias for a best of the general public's opinion. In addition, Congress has an authorization to control and carry out commerce laws and programs by budgetary distributing to Federal Agencies. Business policy is the basic factor of the diplomatic and economic policy the United States of America. Because the most important of the economy policy reflects to the deep and wide nation interests so U.S fed government have strongly influences to national or international businesses.
The United State of America is a greatest economy nation in the last many decades and still remains its title for next many years to come. During 1907s to present, U.S. economy has been experienced in up and down periods but it is still a strong and leading economy in the globe. Most historical memory was an U.S. great depression economy in 1929 till late 1930 where were carried along stock market crash, banking collapse and unemployment rate has been soar at 19.7% followed. According to Allen, Frederick Lewis (1940), “Between 1930 and 1939 U.S. unemployment averaged 18.2%. The economy's output of goods and services (gross national product) declined 30 percent between 1929 and 1933 and recovered to the 1929 level only in 1939.” Another history lesson is the great commodities depression among 1980 to 2000, generally recession in commodity prices. In addition, the initial report by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), declare a recession that lasted from March 2001 to November 2001, as real gross domestic product dropped during the period by 0.2 percent total from the fourth quarter of 2000. During president Bill Clinton Administration, 1990s, U.S economy was very strongly growing and beginning slower in the early 2000s and tipped into a recession in 2001. After this light recession in early year 2001, U.S economy was started to re-grow with an averaged peed is 2.9 % yearly from 2002 to 2006. Meanwhile, inflation about prices, rate of unemployment and interest rates are still sustained in low relative level. By many potential and weight economy policies and measures, The U.S. economy is still remains its position in highly competing power, largest quantitative production and there is affected range to most intensive in the world. According to non-profit board about competition, in stage from 1995 to year 2005, direct contributing U.S growth of global economy degree tri-level portion. In stage from 1983 to 2004, United States's importation increase giddiness and make up about 20% in export boost level riches is cosmopolitan. However, U.S economy is affected from many other dynamical economies nowadays. At present, U.S still has to face with both challenges comes from indoor and aboard. The U.S housing market has been downturn reflect the bubble markets last many years. Moreover, Financial Industry such as sub-prime mortgage has been crisis, oil demand is at high and jobless is increasing in time in which gives a warning to a possible recession. There are a few warnings to prove that global economy will change more scientifically and create huge impact to the U.S economy balance in coming years. Developing nations have been growth faster last years and seizes United States of America's more and more mickle portion among goods is exported, 32.8% in 1985 while in 2006, this proportion is 47%. Developing nations also seize 34.5% United State’s importations in 1985 and 54.7% in 2006. In 2007, US total, all counties trade is $3.495 trillion, import rose 5.9 % to a record $2.333 trillion while exports grew12.2 % to a record $1.162 trillion. The top US leading trading partners are Canada, Mexico, China, Japan, UK and Brazil is at 13 ranking.
U.S federal Government has an important role in creation jobs and promoting economic
development and makes sure the economic inflation and unemployment rates low as
possible and keep the common price level and a burden of taxation is manageable
acquired. President and Congress will have control budget expenditure and tax
spending. In the United States, we have Federal Reserve System where it runs
and a control by Board of Governors is the Central Banking system of U.S. It has been
called a short name as “Fed”. It is an organization to include a number of State’s
momentousness and private institutions. Nowadays, most of Central Banks in the world
has more than mains bi-functional number: administer currency policy and assure
stabilization and secure give trade bank in particular and some portion to system is
national finance system. U.S Central Bank’ roles are to control, balance and regulate the
supply of money in the U.S economy. They maintain fund resources at a Federal Reserve
Banks to play a major role in the US banking system for demand and supply at private
banks. Fed will supervise all of U.S banking system. Summarily, in U.S. ‘banking
system, liquidity inter-bank offer rates LIBOR that most private institutions borrowed to
manage often flap in Fed Funds Rate and Discount Rate are two policy tools to monitor.
The most important body of Fed Reserve System is Federal Open market Committee
(FOMC) where responsibly research and propose currency policy to sustain the
stabilization of the prices and boost the economy. First, it is important to realize that all
countries experience the relationship of trading and investment with each other. U.S.
economy is a biggest international trading-partner to most countries therefore the U.S
economy’ growth and declines always have a huge impact to the world economy. It has
been affected not only currency exchanges and interest rates systems of each regimes but
it has been also affected by U.S Discount and Federal Funds Rates where influenced
and regulated by US Federal Reserve Bank. A dictum sentence of economists: “when
Uncle Sam splashes blow-off, the entire world gets cold”
During passed centuries, U.S. international trade and economic policies have been
significant changes to reply the changes from aboard. U.S GDP ranking rate in 2007 is
still remains first, reach $13.84 trillion, with less than five percent world populations.
Only possession GDP is a state of California reaches $1.5 trillion in 2007, transcended
GDP of all of countries, only subtract 8 countries, entering that year. It is also firstly rate
in import turnover with over $2 .2 trillion, three times larger than Germany, a second
place. About export is second place, reaches 1.1 trillion, only after Germany. U.S
dominated many export markets but according to forecast, China will outmarch U.S in
2008 about services export with $422 billion dollars. US has trade deficit highest rate
since post war period with $847 billion in 2007, outgrows so many times than any other
countries. This reflects Americans saving less than spending compares Europe and Japan.
The most conflict issue since 1985 to present is the trade deficit with China in goods that
will approach $256.3 billion in 2007, dramatically up from last year's record of $232.5
billion. US exports to China reach $65.2 billion and imports are at $321.5 billion in 2007. US exports to Japan reaches $ 62.7 and imports 145.6 billion in 2007. US exports to Brazil reaches $24.6 billion and imports $25.6 billion in 2007. US’s trade deficit to Japan is only $82.7 billion in 2007 compared to China $ 256.3 billion in 2007 and Brazil is far less than China and Japan, at $1 billion or 0.4% in 2007.Between US and Brazil is at good stage to keep a lowest trade deficit since last two years. Most of the US leading industries in international trade, export and import are advanced technologies equipments, steel, automobiles, and aerospace, and telecommunication, chemical and other consumer goods. USA reaches $1.14 trillion in export and $1.96 trillion import in 2007. Their key trading partners are Canada 21.4%, Mexico 11.7%, China 5.6%, Japan 5.4%, UK 4.3%, and Germany 4.3%. Most of the USA exports-commodities are agricultural products (soybeans, fruit and corn); industrial supplies and capital goods reach 49%. In the imports-commodities are most of industrial supplies with 32.9% (crude oil 8.2%) and consumer goods as 31.8%.
The United States of America economy is a biggest trading partner to most countries therefore the US economy growth and declines always have a huge impact to the World economy. It has been affected not only currency exchanges rate used and interest rates system of each regimes but it has been also affected by U.S Discount and Federal Funds rates where be influenced and regulated by US Central Banks. US has two exchange rate regimes to operate its exchange currency market since 1958 to 1973, US has applied fixed exchange rate regime that called Bretton Woods system and at the middle of the year 1973 US policy has been toward to flexible exchange rate regime. According to the Sanjay Ramchander, “The collapse of Bretton Woods or the fixed exchange rate system in 1973, along with the coinciding growth in global trade, and greater mobility of capital have all contributed to an increase in exchange rate volatility. Concerns about exchange rate levels and volatility have prompted central banks to actively intervene in foreign currency markets from time to time. “(P-1) The US Central Bank is called Federal Reserves system where it is has full power to monitor and regulate the domestic monies supply and has an effective credit policies tool that help to run the national financial market. It also monitors the foreign lending and direct investment and banking in US territory. The Fed will directly keep in touch with other Central Banks has strong influences in the US monetary and fiscal policies. Since 1934, US dollar was starting to lost it value and less than 60% content of gold therefore it effects a rising price of gold and till late of 1971s the convertibility of dollar to gold has been suspended for opening the new chapter of exchange rate regime in US. The US currency has a big change its value since 1971s, increasing the gold price 8.57% to US $38.00 per fine ounce. US dollar has been dominated World exchange markets for many decades. Because US dollar is very popular and most trust paper in circulation therefore it becomes the most reserve currency for another nation in the World today after gold. The US dollar today has other very competitive currencies such as Japanese money (Yen), German (Mark), and new one, Euro in which US has a major change in foreign exchange policy such as an exchange rate will be determined in the demand and supplies of monies; no more minimum requirement for a full of gold content and foreign exchange for the national currency in the mid 1978s. Presently, The US Federal Reserve still keeps interest rate at low point through end of this year. It is might be a good chance for foreign investors to own more US‘s s assets than any other time. US notes has been stored as reserves by many nations and dominated by many markets. In fact, most of the currency exchange activities today are often under the terms of US dollar. US Dollar and other major currency as Japan and Europe have been seizing about 60% of all currency exchange transaction on the World.
At present, US economy faces a series problems, trade deficit reaching up 5.7% to $62.0 billion in July 2008 compared with $58.8 billion in June 2008. This is a highest mark in the last 16 months. The housing market has been crisis since 2005, following the jobless rate was rising up 6.1% in August 2008 which is the highest in 10 years. The financial industry in general, as lending and mortgages has been come to a crisis to lead to the failure of Fannies and Freddie and other Banks. This issue is remaining unclear evidence when it could be coming to the end. Although last couple weeks oil price was go down a little at $102.58 per barrel compared $150 in June 2008 but its high demand is still there, not only in US but on the World. All of these elements are being continued to drag down US economy. The US GDP in the first six month of year 2008 indicates the slowdown of the economy. Moreover, the inflation keep move slowly up, even the economy growth been declined. This is important indicator of whole economy need to be control as mush as. In the next expectation for U.S Economy’s growth would take another 2 or 3 years, to reach over $15 trillion upon the average rate of GDP averaged growth at 3.0 percent. The US productivity will increase rapidly yearly and labor force is projected to reach 165 million in the next 10 years. Beside the real Export expects to grow stronger than import reflects the government ‘effort to shrink its trade deficit. U.S has an average population increase less than 1.1% and 1.2% for employment growth.
In general, this economy also has to face ongoing challenges for a long-dated continuous. Although many Americans has assurance in economic field and a number of accumulators to so many belongings, still a amounts is considerable such as single mom families has to live under poverty, healthcare and education costs rises up every time. However the poverty is just about 12% in 2004, also outgrow collating with so many other countries. Those continuous economic fluctuations went through American history to the modern period. US still absolutely abide by some basic rules in its own pavilion of economic activity. The firstly most important thing is to sustain a “market economy”. The United States remains its economic theory and considers all in all best function how and when to decide production and make a value of products in order to pass interchange action of millions independent buyer and sellers over the globe. This is a real economic interest of a nation, not benefit by government or personally influences. Americans believe that in an open market system, prices almost reflect real value of its merchandise, and therefore it is an optimal instruction that gives producers what economic demands for production is necessary. There is another angle of view of new progressed economies as China, India, Russian, and Brazil have loftiness growth rating, even had where is too hot.
Inflation at these countries also has been increasing loftiness because of expend accentuation. These economies above are being to seize first position about world retail and services trading level. After a long period of time to have a better national saving and re-contribution its capital in investments and developments, People in these nations has to confront a higher demand for living, “more wealthy equal more spending”. This is a cause for World’s today increased inflation rate. The high inflation from these economies is not a brake for keeping their governments from imports restrictions. Therefore the devaluation of US dollar in last couple weeks will help US exports to enter these nation markets in the near future in which to create more jobs for our nation economy and hopefully this scenario can be final cause give securities index to United States economy during who pretty soon , over here retrieve world-wide.
World GDP has been seized by 25% from US GDP so if there are any economic and political varies in the United States can lead to World Economy caution.
While I am writing this paper, the US financial industry was too deep in problem, most of the biggest lending corporations have to fight to survive in this extremely difficult time. This crisis has been spilled over more broadly on other areas, in both national and international. The most crises have been occurred in the modern time after the great depression in 1930s and Asia financial one during 1990s. Many predict and expects from the efforts of federal government and US Central Bank, by lower the fed funds rate and money supply-pumping. If the applying the lower fed funds rate tool then will boost the rising inflation but if not then keep the slow economy goes nowhere. It does not mean World-wide economy will be in depression but at least will leads to the slowdown growth in many other economies in the following months. Firstly, it is clearly that the US consumer goods spending will be decreasing, following the World’s GDP attenuation. The second matter is the weaker US dollar currency will affect to countries depending on the US market. If the Federal Reserve continues to cut interest rates to stimulate its economic market, but it may be a cause to devaluate its currency to other Euro, Japan and China dollars to create a trigger United State’s export but again it be nightmare with respect to exporters Germany, Japan and Korea, and China where these economies have deeply depend into US market high-rolling export. Third, US is not only nation been faced with the bubble housing and financial crisis markets in the last years. This phenomenon also has been occurred at countries from Asia to Europe because globalization has become a reality in the past decades. More and more we are moving towards connection in one giant, global economy-one market. World also has been facing with the imbalance of population growth among developed countries like US, Japan and developing countries as China and Brazil. As regards to the real data and statistics, it showed that most of poor economies as undeveloped and developing countries have a higher country risk, higher inflation, higher dependence on national natural resources, higher population lives under poverty line and higher GDP economic growth but have a lower GDP per capita, lower life expectation at birth, lower productivity, less technology and educational system than rich or developed countries.
Finally, the most important key is now for saving the downturns of the World and US economies by know how to create and to remain a credible and healthy investment environment in which most of investors are waiting for it. The trusty has been detracted since last many corruptions. The restoration of public’s trust in business activity is a must immediately. Fiduciary crisis is under liquidity datum level caused stating buckled up and credit at Wall Street. This status also was blazing all over other financial markets in the World. Realizing that it is a flawless of domino economic theory in which national economies have been drawing along into a circle of it. This also another past decade experienced lesson likes Japan ones in 1990s. US need not only its economic and financial, fiscal reforms but US also need aboard economic partners to contribute their parts in saving US economy. US administration and economists have to realize it as a huge hole in financial crisis to find decisive solution for solving. This is not a simple issue as one or just two failure- corporations but a reflection to the whole agitated financial industry, the failure of the monetary and fiscal policies. US Central Banks itself were in difficulties could save World Economy from economic depression status’s negative impacts in the America. Presently, the capability of US Central Bank in using currency and interest rate tool to stimulate its economy is retrenched than before. World has to find best equation that can solve a thorny problem with the two answers; rising inflation and slow economic growth. The World and US’s inflation is still remains as an unsolved math.
Firstly, it is a great nation where its acreage is the third largest one in the world and with over 300 million people descendant from full where differently in the World. United States of America is a most manifold society in the world. Even though Americans majority is accounted descendant from Europe, American-born, Asian American, African American and Hispanics population are growing by time. Presently, per year there is up to over one million migrant non resident come to subsistent United States of America and work for the living, and anticipation come to in the year 2050 only still white Americans is seized fewer than 50%. The United State of America also stands for a democracy and human rights nation where U.S. always promotes and encourages other countries for its movements. U.S. government system, to inception such as a experimenting about freedom and democracy in the year 1776, have already been testified it be ably unusual restoration and accommodation. Though often to classification as a democracies, United States might be defines accuracy such as a constitutionality federal republic system of government. It means “constitutionality "related to constitution fact that United States of America government is administration based upon ‘supreme law of the land’. The U.S. constitution is above Federal and State laws like U.S Statutory and U.S. Administration law. It is layout the framework and functions of U.S national government. In fact, it is a federal system with three branches where U.S congress (legislative) creates and passes laws through parliaments and president (executive) enforce and defenses those laws and judicial branch review and protect these laws. Each State have their own state laws and regulation but not vs. or unconstitutional federal laws. United States of America politics System chiefly owes to two biggest Democratic and Republican parties. United States of America constitution stipulate United States of America parliament has foreign trade control rights and decides on impost. However, owing to increase either impost reduction, import quota assignment, or overture international trade agreements is very sophisticated and affect benefit not only United States of America possession but also who of countries differ; therefore some responsibility in parliament has been managed by authorized executive agencies. To make sure federal agencies to perform commercial regulations correctly and beneficially, these agencies have a request to consult with congress regularly and have notification universally on mass Medias for a best of the general public's opinion. In addition, Congress has an authorization to control and carry out commerce laws and programs by budgetary distributing to Federal Agencies. Business policy is the basic factor of the diplomatic and economic policy the United States of America. Because the most important of the economy policy reflects to the deep and wide nation interests so U.S fed government have strongly influences to national or international businesses.
The United State of America is a greatest economy nation in the last many decades and still remains its title for next many years to come. During 1907s to present, U.S. economy has been experienced in up and down periods but it is still a strong and leading economy in the globe. Most historical memory was an U.S. great depression economy in 1929 till late 1930 where were carried along stock market crash, banking collapse and unemployment rate has been soar at 19.7% followed. According to Allen, Frederick Lewis (1940), “Between 1930 and 1939 U.S. unemployment averaged 18.2%. The economy's output of goods and services (gross national product) declined 30 percent between 1929 and 1933 and recovered to the 1929 level only in 1939.” Another history lesson is the great commodities depression among 1980 to 2000, generally recession in commodity prices. In addition, the initial report by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), declare a recession that lasted from March 2001 to November 2001, as real gross domestic product dropped during the period by 0.2 percent total from the fourth quarter of 2000. During president Bill Clinton Administration, 1990s, U.S economy was very strongly growing and beginning slower in the early 2000s and tipped into a recession in 2001. After this light recession in early year 2001, U.S economy was started to re-grow with an averaged peed is 2.9 % yearly from 2002 to 2006. Meanwhile, inflation about prices, rate of unemployment and interest rates are still sustained in low relative level. By many potential and weight economy policies and measures, The U.S. economy is still remains its position in highly competing power, largest quantitative production and there is affected range to most intensive in the world. According to non-profit board about competition, in stage from 1995 to year 2005, direct contributing U.S growth of global economy degree tri-level portion. In stage from 1983 to 2004, United States's importation increase giddiness and make up about 20% in export boost level riches is cosmopolitan. However, U.S economy is affected from many other dynamical economies nowadays. At present, U.S still has to face with both challenges comes from indoor and aboard. The U.S housing market has been downturn reflect the bubble markets last many years. Moreover, Financial Industry such as sub-prime mortgage has been crisis, oil demand is at high and jobless is increasing in time in which gives a warning to a possible recession. There are a few warnings to prove that global economy will change more scientifically and create huge impact to the U.S economy balance in coming years. Developing nations have been growth faster last years and seizes United States of America's more and more mickle portion among goods is exported, 32.8% in 1985 while in 2006, this proportion is 47%. Developing nations also seize 34.5% United State’s importations in 1985 and 54.7% in 2006. In 2007, US total, all counties trade is $3.495 trillion, import rose 5.9 % to a record $2.333 trillion while exports grew12.2 % to a record $1.162 trillion. The top US leading trading partners are Canada, Mexico, China, Japan, UK and Brazil is at 13 ranking.
U.S federal Government has an important role in creation jobs and promoting economic
development and makes sure the economic inflation and unemployment rates low as
possible and keep the common price level and a burden of taxation is manageable
acquired. President and Congress will have control budget expenditure and tax
spending. In the United States, we have Federal Reserve System where it runs
and a control by Board of Governors is the Central Banking system of U.S. It has been
called a short name as “Fed”. It is an organization to include a number of State’s
momentousness and private institutions. Nowadays, most of Central Banks in the world
has more than mains bi-functional number: administer currency policy and assure
stabilization and secure give trade bank in particular and some portion to system is
national finance system. U.S Central Bank’ roles are to control, balance and regulate the
supply of money in the U.S economy. They maintain fund resources at a Federal Reserve
Banks to play a major role in the US banking system for demand and supply at private
banks. Fed will supervise all of U.S banking system. Summarily, in U.S. ‘banking
system, liquidity inter-bank offer rates LIBOR that most private institutions borrowed to
manage often flap in Fed Funds Rate and Discount Rate are two policy tools to monitor.
The most important body of Fed Reserve System is Federal Open market Committee
(FOMC) where responsibly research and propose currency policy to sustain the
stabilization of the prices and boost the economy. First, it is important to realize that all
countries experience the relationship of trading and investment with each other. U.S.
economy is a biggest international trading-partner to most countries therefore the U.S
economy’ growth and declines always have a huge impact to the world economy. It has
been affected not only currency exchanges and interest rates systems of each regimes but
it has been also affected by U.S Discount and Federal Funds Rates where influenced
and regulated by US Federal Reserve Bank. A dictum sentence of economists: “when
Uncle Sam splashes blow-off, the entire world gets cold”
During passed centuries, U.S. international trade and economic policies have been
significant changes to reply the changes from aboard. U.S GDP ranking rate in 2007 is
still remains first, reach $13.84 trillion, with less than five percent world populations.
Only possession GDP is a state of California reaches $1.5 trillion in 2007, transcended
GDP of all of countries, only subtract 8 countries, entering that year. It is also firstly rate
in import turnover with over $2 .2 trillion, three times larger than Germany, a second
place. About export is second place, reaches 1.1 trillion, only after Germany. U.S
dominated many export markets but according to forecast, China will outmarch U.S in
2008 about services export with $422 billion dollars. US has trade deficit highest rate
since post war period with $847 billion in 2007, outgrows so many times than any other
countries. This reflects Americans saving less than spending compares Europe and Japan.
The most conflict issue since 1985 to present is the trade deficit with China in goods that
will approach $256.3 billion in 2007, dramatically up from last year's record of $232.5
billion. US exports to China reach $65.2 billion and imports are at $321.5 billion in 2007. US exports to Japan reaches $ 62.7 and imports 145.6 billion in 2007. US exports to Brazil reaches $24.6 billion and imports $25.6 billion in 2007. US’s trade deficit to Japan is only $82.7 billion in 2007 compared to China $ 256.3 billion in 2007 and Brazil is far less than China and Japan, at $1 billion or 0.4% in 2007.Between US and Brazil is at good stage to keep a lowest trade deficit since last two years. Most of the US leading industries in international trade, export and import are advanced technologies equipments, steel, automobiles, and aerospace, and telecommunication, chemical and other consumer goods. USA reaches $1.14 trillion in export and $1.96 trillion import in 2007. Their key trading partners are Canada 21.4%, Mexico 11.7%, China 5.6%, Japan 5.4%, UK 4.3%, and Germany 4.3%. Most of the USA exports-commodities are agricultural products (soybeans, fruit and corn); industrial supplies and capital goods reach 49%. In the imports-commodities are most of industrial supplies with 32.9% (crude oil 8.2%) and consumer goods as 31.8%.
The United States of America economy is a biggest trading partner to most countries therefore the US economy growth and declines always have a huge impact to the World economy. It has been affected not only currency exchanges rate used and interest rates system of each regimes but it has been also affected by U.S Discount and Federal Funds rates where be influenced and regulated by US Central Banks. US has two exchange rate regimes to operate its exchange currency market since 1958 to 1973, US has applied fixed exchange rate regime that called Bretton Woods system and at the middle of the year 1973 US policy has been toward to flexible exchange rate regime. According to the Sanjay Ramchander, “The collapse of Bretton Woods or the fixed exchange rate system in 1973, along with the coinciding growth in global trade, and greater mobility of capital have all contributed to an increase in exchange rate volatility. Concerns about exchange rate levels and volatility have prompted central banks to actively intervene in foreign currency markets from time to time. “(P-1) The US Central Bank is called Federal Reserves system where it is has full power to monitor and regulate the domestic monies supply and has an effective credit policies tool that help to run the national financial market. It also monitors the foreign lending and direct investment and banking in US territory. The Fed will directly keep in touch with other Central Banks has strong influences in the US monetary and fiscal policies. Since 1934, US dollar was starting to lost it value and less than 60% content of gold therefore it effects a rising price of gold and till late of 1971s the convertibility of dollar to gold has been suspended for opening the new chapter of exchange rate regime in US. The US currency has a big change its value since 1971s, increasing the gold price 8.57% to US $38.00 per fine ounce. US dollar has been dominated World exchange markets for many decades. Because US dollar is very popular and most trust paper in circulation therefore it becomes the most reserve currency for another nation in the World today after gold. The US dollar today has other very competitive currencies such as Japanese money (Yen), German (Mark), and new one, Euro in which US has a major change in foreign exchange policy such as an exchange rate will be determined in the demand and supplies of monies; no more minimum requirement for a full of gold content and foreign exchange for the national currency in the mid 1978s. Presently, The US Federal Reserve still keeps interest rate at low point through end of this year. It is might be a good chance for foreign investors to own more US‘s s assets than any other time. US notes has been stored as reserves by many nations and dominated by many markets. In fact, most of the currency exchange activities today are often under the terms of US dollar. US Dollar and other major currency as Japan and Europe have been seizing about 60% of all currency exchange transaction on the World.
At present, US economy faces a series problems, trade deficit reaching up 5.7% to $62.0 billion in July 2008 compared with $58.8 billion in June 2008. This is a highest mark in the last 16 months. The housing market has been crisis since 2005, following the jobless rate was rising up 6.1% in August 2008 which is the highest in 10 years. The financial industry in general, as lending and mortgages has been come to a crisis to lead to the failure of Fannies and Freddie and other Banks. This issue is remaining unclear evidence when it could be coming to the end. Although last couple weeks oil price was go down a little at $102.58 per barrel compared $150 in June 2008 but its high demand is still there, not only in US but on the World. All of these elements are being continued to drag down US economy. The US GDP in the first six month of year 2008 indicates the slowdown of the economy. Moreover, the inflation keep move slowly up, even the economy growth been declined. This is important indicator of whole economy need to be control as mush as. In the next expectation for U.S Economy’s growth would take another 2 or 3 years, to reach over $15 trillion upon the average rate of GDP averaged growth at 3.0 percent. The US productivity will increase rapidly yearly and labor force is projected to reach 165 million in the next 10 years. Beside the real Export expects to grow stronger than import reflects the government ‘effort to shrink its trade deficit. U.S has an average population increase less than 1.1% and 1.2% for employment growth.
In general, this economy also has to face ongoing challenges for a long-dated continuous. Although many Americans has assurance in economic field and a number of accumulators to so many belongings, still a amounts is considerable such as single mom families has to live under poverty, healthcare and education costs rises up every time. However the poverty is just about 12% in 2004, also outgrow collating with so many other countries. Those continuous economic fluctuations went through American history to the modern period. US still absolutely abide by some basic rules in its own pavilion of economic activity. The firstly most important thing is to sustain a “market economy”. The United States remains its economic theory and considers all in all best function how and when to decide production and make a value of products in order to pass interchange action of millions independent buyer and sellers over the globe. This is a real economic interest of a nation, not benefit by government or personally influences. Americans believe that in an open market system, prices almost reflect real value of its merchandise, and therefore it is an optimal instruction that gives producers what economic demands for production is necessary. There is another angle of view of new progressed economies as China, India, Russian, and Brazil have loftiness growth rating, even had where is too hot.
Inflation at these countries also has been increasing loftiness because of expend accentuation. These economies above are being to seize first position about world retail and services trading level. After a long period of time to have a better national saving and re-contribution its capital in investments and developments, People in these nations has to confront a higher demand for living, “more wealthy equal more spending”. This is a cause for World’s today increased inflation rate. The high inflation from these economies is not a brake for keeping their governments from imports restrictions. Therefore the devaluation of US dollar in last couple weeks will help US exports to enter these nation markets in the near future in which to create more jobs for our nation economy and hopefully this scenario can be final cause give securities index to United States economy during who pretty soon , over here retrieve world-wide.
World GDP has been seized by 25% from US GDP so if there are any economic and political varies in the United States can lead to World Economy caution.
While I am writing this paper, the US financial industry was too deep in problem, most of the biggest lending corporations have to fight to survive in this extremely difficult time. This crisis has been spilled over more broadly on other areas, in both national and international. The most crises have been occurred in the modern time after the great depression in 1930s and Asia financial one during 1990s. Many predict and expects from the efforts of federal government and US Central Bank, by lower the fed funds rate and money supply-pumping. If the applying the lower fed funds rate tool then will boost the rising inflation but if not then keep the slow economy goes nowhere. It does not mean World-wide economy will be in depression but at least will leads to the slowdown growth in many other economies in the following months. Firstly, it is clearly that the US consumer goods spending will be decreasing, following the World’s GDP attenuation. The second matter is the weaker US dollar currency will affect to countries depending on the US market. If the Federal Reserve continues to cut interest rates to stimulate its economic market, but it may be a cause to devaluate its currency to other Euro, Japan and China dollars to create a trigger United State’s export but again it be nightmare with respect to exporters Germany, Japan and Korea, and China where these economies have deeply depend into US market high-rolling export. Third, US is not only nation been faced with the bubble housing and financial crisis markets in the last years. This phenomenon also has been occurred at countries from Asia to Europe because globalization has become a reality in the past decades. More and more we are moving towards connection in one giant, global economy-one market. World also has been facing with the imbalance of population growth among developed countries like US, Japan and developing countries as China and Brazil. As regards to the real data and statistics, it showed that most of poor economies as undeveloped and developing countries have a higher country risk, higher inflation, higher dependence on national natural resources, higher population lives under poverty line and higher GDP economic growth but have a lower GDP per capita, lower life expectation at birth, lower productivity, less technology and educational system than rich or developed countries.
Finally, the most important key is now for saving the downturns of the World and US economies by know how to create and to remain a credible and healthy investment environment in which most of investors are waiting for it. The trusty has been detracted since last many corruptions. The restoration of public’s trust in business activity is a must immediately. Fiduciary crisis is under liquidity datum level caused stating buckled up and credit at Wall Street. This status also was blazing all over other financial markets in the World. Realizing that it is a flawless of domino economic theory in which national economies have been drawing along into a circle of it. This also another past decade experienced lesson likes Japan ones in 1990s. US need not only its economic and financial, fiscal reforms but US also need aboard economic partners to contribute their parts in saving US economy. US administration and economists have to realize it as a huge hole in financial crisis to find decisive solution for solving. This is not a simple issue as one or just two failure- corporations but a reflection to the whole agitated financial industry, the failure of the monetary and fiscal policies. US Central Banks itself were in difficulties could save World Economy from economic depression status’s negative impacts in the America. Presently, the capability of US Central Bank in using currency and interest rate tool to stimulate its economy is retrenched than before. World has to find best equation that can solve a thorny problem with the two answers; rising inflation and slow economic growth. The World and US’s inflation is still remains as an unsolved math.
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